Chandel
Chandel or Chandela (Sanskrit: चन्देल, IAST: Çandela), is a Rajput clan from India,[1] regarded as Chandravanshi Kshatriyas in Indian tradi…
Chandel or Chandela (Sanskrit: चन्देल, IAST: Çandela), is a Rajput clan from India,[1] regarded as Chandravanshi Kshatriyas in Indian traditions and epigraphic records. Members of the clan historically ruled several kingdoms in north India and held various states, feudal states, estates, and territories. The most prominent of these was the Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti, which ruled the Chandel Empire.
| Chandel or Çandela clan चन्देलवंश | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Home province | Chedi Mahajapanda | ||
| Parent house | Chandravansha | ||
| Titles | Imperial title of Maharajadhiraja (Great king of kings, Rajadhiraja (King of Kings), Maharaja (Great King), Maharajputra, Raja (King), Rana, Rawat, Rao, etc. many | ||
| Founder | Chandra, god of moon (as per Indian traditions and epigraphical records) | ||
| Final ruler | none, many rulling families | ||
| Current head | none, many royal families | ||
| Founding year | unknown | Dissolution | still extant |
| Ruled until | - | 1947 | |
Origin
Gond origin theory
Colonial historian V. A. Smith was the first to propose the origin theory for the Chandel clan that they were either Bhar or Gond, which was followed by other colonial historians and later historians, such as Romila Thapar, S. K. Mitra, R. C. Majumdar, etc. Romila Thapar states that although the Chandela dynasty claimed a mythological Lunar (Chandravansh) descent, the origin of the Chandela dynasty was also “associated with the Gond tribe of central India”. It is stated that the dynasty's rulers originally worshipped a rock named Maniya Deo, which they installed at Mahoba, their first capital. They gave up worshipping the rock and started worshipping deities of the Puranas to form the Rajput Chandela dynasty. Thapar cites this example as one of the many instances where the building of temples was used for mobility in the caste system.[2]
However, historian R. K. Dikshit does not find the Bhar and Gond origin theory of the Chandelas convincing. According to historian R.K. Dikshit, Chandel is a Chandravanshi Kshatriya clan of Rajputs and were included in the 36 Royal Kshatriya races. He even point out that the Chandelas were considered to be of High origin even by their contemporary rivals.[3] R.K. Dikshit argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity. According to him, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.[4]
History
Chandel Empire
From early 9th to 16th century CE, the Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti ruled the Chandel Empire, with their country, which was known as Jejakabhukti (parts of present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).
Gidhaur zamindari
The zamindari estate of Gidhaur in Munger district, present-day Bihar was controlled by a branch of the Chandel [5] They are considered to be one of the oldest ruling families in Bihar. It was established by Bir Bikram Shah whose ancestors came from Mahoba in Bundelkhand but were driven into Bihar during the 12th century following various Muslim incursions. They managed to gain control of Gidhaur after expelling the various aboriginal chiefs from the region. Bir Bikram Shah slowly started to expand his chieftaincy to encompass the surrounding areas. Other rulers belonging to this lineage include Sukhdev Singh, Ram Naranjan Singh and Darp Narayan Singh.[6]
Chandels of Mirzapur
Bijaigarh in modern Mirzapur district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the Bhumihars of Benares state and for participating in the Indian rebellion of 1857.[7]
Bilaspur Princely State
The Princely family of Bilaspur State are Chandel claiming descent from Shishupala, who reigned in Chanderi in southern Palputana . But according to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Birchand in 697 AD who claims its descent from Chandervanshi Rajputs who reigned at Chanderi in the Chedi to northern Mahismati region, but this is not completely true, Harihar Chand (71st king of Chanderi) made his son Govind Chand the king of Chanderi and in old age came north with Bir Chand.[8]
Zaildari
A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the zaildaris of Ghund, Madhan, and Theog in present-day Himachal Pradesh. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from Chanderi to Bilaspur. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the Garhwal region. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the Shimla region. The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.[9]
References
- ↑ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4.
- ↑ Romila Thapar (2004). Early India - From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8.
A signal of different kind came from the Chandella Dynasty. These kings narrated a complex origin myth linked to the lunar line in their inscriptions but their origin was associated with the Gond tribes of central India. It is said that they originally worshipped a rock, Maniya Deo, installed in their earliest capital of Mahoba. Through the processes of acquiring Rajput status and subscribing to Sanskritic culture, which involved devotion to Puranic deities, they expressed this change by building the temples of Khajuraho which were distinctly different from the shrine of Maniya Deo. This illustrates a shift from a local cult to a patronage of a puranic sect
- ↑ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4.
- ↑ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4.
- ↑ Yogendra Roy (1998). "Landed Aristocracy and the Peasantry in Medieval Bhagalpur". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 59: 279–286. JSTOR 44146998.
- ↑ Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. pp. 234–236. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
- ↑ Downs, Troy (1992). "Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58". Journal of South Asian Studies. 15 (2): 29–46. doi:10.1080/00856409208723166.
- ↑ Mark Brentnall (2005). The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh. Indus. p. 50 52. ISBN 9788173871634.
- ↑ Mark Brentnall (2005). The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh. Indus. p. 284. ISBN 9788173871634.
Bibliography
- R. K. Dikshit (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav. ISBN 9788170170464.
- Sen, Shailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980.
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