Krypton

Krypton is a stable noble gas. It has an atomic number of 36. The name krypton comes from the Greek word kryptos meaning hidden. It is used in fluorescent lamps…

Krypton
Krypton, 36Kr
A krypton-filled discharge tube glowing white
Krypton
Pronunciation/ˈkrɪptɒn/ (listenⓘ) ​(KRIP-ton)
Appearancecolorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in an electric field
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Kr)
83.798(2)[1]
Krypton in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ar
↑
Kr
↓
Xe
bromine ← krypton → rubidium
Atomic number (Z)36
Groupgroup 18 (noble gases)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 8
Physical properties
Phase at STPgas
Melting point115.78 K ​(−157.37 °C, ​−251.27 °F)
Boiling point119.93 K ​(−153.415 °C, ​−244.147 °F)
Density (at STP)3.749 g/L
when liquid (at b.p.)2.413 g/cm3[2]
Triple point115.775 K, ​73.53 kPa[3][4]
Critical point209.48 K, 5.525 MPa[4]
Heat of fusion1.64 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization9.08 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity20.95[5] J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 59 65 74 84 99 120
Atomic properties
Oxidation states0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 3.00
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 1350.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2350.4 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3565 kJ/mol
Covalent radius116±4 pm
Van der Waals radius202 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of krypton
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for krypton
Speed of sound(gas, 20 °C) 221 m·s−1
(liquid) 1120 m/s
Thermal conductivity9.43×10−3  W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[6]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−28.8×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[7]
CAS Number7439-90-9
History
Discovery and first isolationWilliam Ramsay and Morris Travers (1898)
Isotopes of krypton
Main isotopes[8] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
78Kr 0.360% 9.2×1021 y[9] εε 78Se
79Kr synth 35 h ε 79Br
β+ 79Br
γ –
80Kr 2.29% stable
81Kr trace 2.3×105 y ε 81Br
81mKr 13.10 s IT 81Kr
ε 81Br
82Kr 11.6% stable
83Kr 11.5% stable
84Kr 57.0% stable
85Kr synth 11 y β− 85Rb
86Kr 17.3% stable
 Category: Krypton
| references

Krypton is a stable noble gas. It has an atomic number of 36. The name krypton comes from the Greek word kryptos meaning hidden. It is used in fluorescent lamps, flashbulbs, and as a wavelength standard. The metre used to be defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of krypton gas.[10]

The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: krypton.
A discharge tube filled with Krypton

Chemistry

Because it is a gas, it does not react with many elements. It is clear and has no taste or smell.[11] The atmosphere is only about one millionth part krypton.[11] Krypton has very few compounds.

Uses

The main use for krypton is to make light. There is one main type of krypton light bulbs. This is called a gas discharge lamp. There are three main types of these. First is a low energy gas discharge lamp or "neon light". Low energy gas discharge lights made from krypton are near white to green. Second is a high energy short length of time gas discharge light or "flash bulb". These are mostly used for photography. They are bright blue-white. Third is a high energy gas discharge light. This third kind is mostly used to light airport runways. They are also bright blue-white.

History

Krypton was found by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers in Great Britain in 1898.[12] Ramsay was given the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on noble gases.[13] It was a difficult gas to discover; Ramsay suspected it existed but only found it by removing other gases.[14] This is why he gave it the name Krypton.[14] There is no mineral called Kryptonite or planet called Krypton, which both feature in the Superman comics by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster.[14] The fictional planet is probably better known than the real chemical element called Krypton.[14] It took until 1962 until a chemical compound containing Krypton was found.[15]

References

  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Krypton". CIAAW. 2001.
  2. ↑ Krypton. encyclopedia.airliquide.com
  3. ↑ "Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 2005.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1439855110.
  5. ↑ Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
  6. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  7. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  8. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  9. ↑ Patrignani, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2016). "Review of Particle Physics". Chinese Physics C. 40 (10): 100001. Bibcode:2016ChPhC..40j0001P. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) See p. 768
  10. ↑ "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements". webelements.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Krypton". Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2011.[permanent dead link]
  12. ↑ Friend, John Newton (1914). A text-book of inorganic chemistry, Volume 1. Griffin & Company. p. 346. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  13. ↑ James, Laylin K. (1993). Nobel laureates in chemistry, 1901–1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 23. ISBN 0841226903. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Alfred, Randy (30 May 2008). "May 30, 1898: Krypton Discovered, Decades Before Superman Arrives". wired.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  15. ↑ John F. Lehmann, Hélène P. A. Mercier, Gary J. Schrobilgen: The chemistry of krypton. In: Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 233/234, 2002, S. 1–39, doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3.
Periodic table
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca   Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr   Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Poor metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases



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